Standing at the heart of northern Italy, Bologna is the administrative centre of Emilia Romagna. Originally an Etruscan centre, it was colonised by Gauls and Romans. In the 11th century it became the first city in Europe to found a university, and by the Middle Ages Bologna was an independent city-state reaching the height of its power in 1249 following its victory at the battle of Fossalta. In the 16th century Bologna came under Papal Rule, but Maintained its Senate and sent an Ambassador to Rome. The city centre contains a wealth of ancient palaces and churches dating from the 13th century and three art galleries. Tempting shops cluster under the arcaded streets. Bologna has always been famous for its leaning towers, its leather goods and its cuisine, so what better place to spend a few days while enjoying the opera.